Feminism Women And Women - 908 Words

Feminism Throughout history women have struggled to show their value juxtaposed to men. Women are often downgraded economically, politically and socially just because they are female’s. The struggle between women in the 1800s is similar to the struggle women have now. Equal rights for women are still being campaigned now as much as it was during the 1800s. The connotation of feminism has been created to be a negative word .Just like people believe women should be equal to men, many others believe otherwise. Susan B. Anthony, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, and Lucy Stone are only a few of the many women rights activist during the 1800s. Well know celebrities also help promote feminist movements like Beyonce with her song Flawless†, Amber Rose and her Slut Walk† and even the well-educated and activist Malala Yousafzai. Many of these women have helped the growing society have a better understandment of the inequality women face on a daily bases by forming alliances and su pporting each other to fight for equality. Just like the first Seneca Fall Convention which was formed in 1848 and many organization formed today like The Institute for Women Policy Research and The National Organization for Women, has helped developed the fight for equality. During the 19th century the only responsibilities women had was to take care of the family and their households. In 1800s America, women were almost always constrained to work in the home, rearing children, cooking,Show MoreRelatedFeminism : Women And Women1725 Words   |  7 Pages Feminism Mankind throughout the history has been cruel to women for far too long, women, for example have been deprived off of participation in various activities in a mostly patriarchal societies where in male members of the society have the final say pertaining to the issues affecting the society there by women can only sit down and look. The book described the modern feminism as a product of the enlightenment, and 18th century feminists argued that women were secluded from the public realmRead MoreFeminism : Women And Women1316 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I need feminism because my mother prays that I marry a successful man more than she prays that I become successful† (Unknown). According to Merriam-Webster’s dictionary, feminism is the belief that women and men should have equal rights and opportunities. The feminist revolution has come a long way, yet women are still being viewed as beneath men. Unfortunately, we are still living in a male dominated society. The work that is done by a man is still being seen as more significant and worthwhileRead MoreFeminism And Its Impact On Women1223 Words   |  5 Pages Feminism by definition is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. So feminism has a dictionary definition, but when it comes to feminists and feminism there are so many different personal definitions that people and groups hold. Feminism has been around for quite a while. There is evidence of women fighting for their equality for the past twenty-four centuries. If you’re looking for an actual date you might be out of luck. What can be said from The Oxford EnglishRead MoreFeminism And Its Impact On Women Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesFor decades, women have been striving to gain equality with men. Equality in terms of social, political and economic. They have been held back and their opportunities were taken away just because of the fact that they were females. This led to the evolution of Feminist Movement. I believe that women have every right to be equal with men and Feminism is slowly accomplishing this. But, under the shade of Feminism, few women take undue advantage of their sex. A radical approach to Feminism is what isRead MoreFeminism And Its Effects On Women924 Words   |  4 PagesThe authors’ positions in feminism also changes how they suggest a man can and should use his male privilege, which affects the conversations and how feminism moves forward. As alluded to earlier, profeminist men understand and sympathize with women’s movements and agree with their vision. Because they support feminism, Kimmel and Buchbinder educate and mobilize men to support feminism. They do this by addressing men and men’s movements while simultaneously pointing out the flaws and issues withinRead MoreFeminism And The Vote Of Women885 Words   |  4 PagesFeminism And The Vote The link between feminism and voting is strong, as it should be. For this reason, it is crucial for women to exercise their power to vote. This is important because today, even after women’s suffrage was achieved, the woman’s right to vote is still in question, and for these some, it is still not enough to justify this right. These advocates believe that even though women may legally have the right, they are not competent enough to engage in such activity. To say that theRead MoreFeminism And Women In Frankenstein1318 Words   |  6 Pagesfootsteps (â€Å"Feminism Women in Frankenstein†). Growing up, she was exposed to the work done by her mother and this led her to become exposed to feminist ideals at a very early age (â€Å"Feminism Women in Frankenstein†). In Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, it is controversial of why she chose to characterize both sexes in the way she did and this controversy on women’s roles held of one the central themes in the text. Some critics argue that Shelley followed the traditional roles in which women served asRead MoreFeminism : Women And Femininity3914 Words   |  16 Pages Women and femininity in psychoanalysis Jacques Lacan Yasaman Rafiei Prof: Nancy Frelick Span 501B Introduction One of the unclear and questionable subjects in psychoanalysis, from Freud to Lacan, is the psychology of women and femininity. Male-centered psychoanalysis, which with no doubt is a reflection of tradition, patriarchy, misogyny and women discrimination as a second gender,; is the most important factor that this theory is static and conservative despite some valuable revelationRead MoreFeminism And A Good Portion Of Women1624 Words   |  7 Pageswho are persecuted the most. Feminism is a touchy subject to most people; generally males find it obsolete and women find it valuable to keep alive. There are a handful of males who are in favor of feminism and a good portion of women who are against feminism. There are different types of feminism such as the over the top all males shall die and the equal rights, equal pay. Those who are opposed to expressing feminism commonly believe it is out of date and that women are already treated equally;Read MoreFeminism And Women s Equality936 Word s   |  4 PagesThere are many misconceptions about feminism. Some men see feminists as lesbians or man haters. Anti-feminists typically dictate the term as supporting women’s equality and opposing men’s. In addition, some more common misconceptions consist of feminism being a movement only for gender equality, a fight for matriarchy and power, and male feminists being considered against their gender. Many individuals see the word Feminism, and immediately interpret it as a movement strictly for women’s causes.

The Road by Cormac McCarthy Essay - 1224 Words

Antoinettes story begins when she is a young girl in early nineteenth- century Jamaica. The white daughter of ex-slave owners. Five years have passed since her father, Mr. Cosway, reportedly drunk himself to death. As a young girl, Antoinette lives at Coulibri Estate with her widowed mother, Annette, her sickly younger brother, Pierre.Antoinette spends her days in isolation Discontent, however, is rising among the freed blacks, who protest one night outside the house. Bearing torches, they accidentally set the house on fire, and Pierre is badly hurt. The events of the night leave Antoinette dangerously ill for six weeks. She wakes to find herself in Aunt Coras care. Pierre has died. When Antoinette is seventeen, Mr. Mason announces on†¦show more content†¦In other scenarios other people decide for others based on the fact they know what is better for them which is usually false. These crucial decisions that they make or others affect their whole life, either in a good way o r bad. Wide Sargasso Sea is the tale of Antoinette Cosway, born in Jamaica in the early 19th century to a British slave owner. It was not Antoinette’s decision to be a slave owner, after slavery ended, Antoinette faced a lot of racism in her neighborhood by young girls including her best friend Tia. Her mother often got criticized by the locals as well. Antoinette’s parents decision to be slave owners affected Antoinette in a negative way because of the racism and bullying she faced daily. This affected her daily life, and future. In a way Antoinette was trapped and imprisoned in being viewed as this racist girl. Antoinette’s true personality never reflected racist characteristics. I never looked at any strange negro. They hated us. They called us white cockroaches. Let sleeping dogs lie. One day a little girlfollowed me singing, Go away white cockroach, go away, go away. Here Antoinette describes he hostility she encountered from blacks after the Emancipation Act was passed. Ever since her father passe, the former slave owner Mr. Cosway, her family is not only ruined, but exposed to the open threats and abuse of the areas black community, as the little girls use of the term white cockroachShow MoreRelatedThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1531 Words   |  7 Pagesof punishment that anyone could be faced with. Cormac McCarthy shows the reaction isolation had on the characters in The Road. The Road, by Cormac McCarthy, follows an unnamed father and son as they travel towards the coast in search of safety after the world has been destroyed by a catastrophe. As they travel the road, the father has to protect his son from the threat of strangers, starvation, exposure and harsh weather. In The Road, Cormac McCarthy shows how humans react to isolation by when theRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1009 Words   |  5 PagesL’Heureux II, John Lang and Lit Year 2 2/10/2017 Written Task 2 Title of the text for analysis: The Road by Cormac McCarthy,2006 Part of the course to which the task refers: Part 4- Literature, a critical study Prescribed question: How does the text conform to, or deviate from, the conventions of a particular genre, and for what purpose? My critical response will: ââ€"  Show how the text conforms to the post-apocalyptic genre. ââ€"  Show how resources, including basics such as food and water, are a scarcityRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1584 Words   |  7 Pagestime can be unbearable if one is stripped of the most basic necessities. Such an event can greatly affect the behaviour of a person, as well as the ability to distinguish right from wrong. But like the boy and his father in the novel The Road by Cormac McCarthy they stuck to their morals to overcome the hardships they face. The novels recurring themes such as companionship, survival, and good versus evil, prove that a persons moral standards could change in a time of need. Companionship plays anRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe Road by Cormac McCarthy is set in an apocalyptic world filled with hopelessness, mental fatigue, and few instances of happiness. Throughout the story, the man and the boy are looking for hope in anything and everything. Unfortunately every turn they take they continue to fall further into despair until they find a Coca-Cola. This soda has a unique meaning to the boy and the man. The Coca-Cola in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road symbolizes the world’s regression and gives hope to the man and boy byRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2405 Words   |  10 PagesNovember 26, 2016 The Road by Cormac McCarthy and its View of Parental Love and Hope in a Post-Apocalyptic World The boy s father tells him My job is to take care of you. I was appointed to do that by God. I will kill anyone who touches you. Do you understand? (McCarthy The Road) this sends such a powerful message about instinct, hope, and paternal love. These words so passionately from the lips of the father perfectly describes Cormac McCarthy s story of The Road and the power a father sRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy968 Words   |  4 Pagescompassion in the toughest of situations, and leads us toward paths of peace. In this essay, examples will be drawn from Zak Ibrahim s keynote presentation, The Road by Cormac McCarthy, Beautiful Boy; a film directed by Shawn Ku, and Harrison Bergeron by Kurt Vonnegut. The loss of a loved one can help us find compassion. In The Road by Cormac McCarthy, the boy is the most compassionate person in the whole novel. At the end of the novel, when the boy s father dies, the boy is not thinking about hisselfRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1310 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å" The Road† written by Cormac McCarthy is a novel which uses a large variety of different language features to shape the reader s reaction and leading the readers into thinking the idea that our current world really is fallible.â€Å"The road† is about a strong loving relationship between the father and son. Which is shown on every page of the novel. They are fighting for survival in this apocalyptic world of humanity which is heading to an end. For anyone realising that our world is fallible is quiteRead MoreThe Road by Cormac McCarthy1281 Words   |  5 PagesTitle of the Work: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: September 26, 2006 (September 26, 2006) Genre: Novel Historical information about the Setting: The novel takes place in the Southeastern part of United States. The characters take a journey, passing Texas, the post-apocalyptic landscape. During this time the novel is taken place, the country was experiencing depression and poverty. When McCarthy was writing this book, he was thinking about the future environment ofRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy2062 Words   |  9 PagesReid Norberg Period 3 3/18/16 2016 AP Lodestar 1. Title: The Road Author: Cormac McCarthy Date of Publication: 2006 Genre: Post- apocalyptic fiction 2. The Road is a novel written by American author Cormac McCarthy. Although born in the North East, McCarthy was driven to the South West later in his life where he has since based most of his novels, including The Road. The Road tells a story of a man and his son in post apocalyptic America where the weather is winter-like and the ground isRead MoreThe Road By Cormac Mccarthy1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe Road by Cormac McCarthy a recurring theme in the story is gaining or losing hope. Throughout this story there are numerous instances and events that occur in which all seems lost at a dead end, but in those moment hope carries through and thrives. In this dystopian post apocalyptic world the man and boy are fighting to stay alive while keeping their humanity as well as searching for what humanity is left in this kill or be killed cannibalistic planet. As their time journeying down the road increases

Catcher in the Rye4 Essay Example For Students

Catcher in the Rye4 Essay The Catcher in the RyeBy. J.D. SalingerThe setting for the Catcher in the Rye was in New York around the 1950s. The novel covered about four days from beginning to end. The setting took place in a mental hospital in California where he flashes back to these four days in New York. This was were his family lived and thats why this was important for the setting. There was one main character in this book and his name was Holden Caulfield. He was very smart and he was always thinking about something. He wanted people not to be phony but this never happened the way he wanted it. He never changed his thinking about people but in the end he did miss them. I liked all the characters except Holden because he always had too many thoughts. I did like his sister because she was always nice to him and forgiving. The most important conflict in the novel was when he was going to say good bye to his sister at the end of the book. The most exciting part was when he went back home to visit her. The plot of Catcher in the Rye began with Holden being expelled from school. He left school and took a train to New York. While he was there, he went to parks, museums and bars and met an old friend named Sally Hayes and also a former teacher of his. He finally met up with his sister who seemed to be the only person he really cared for and she was able to talk him into going back home with her. The story is told using flash-backs because the entire time he is talking to his psychiatrist in a hospital. The point of view is first person. Because of this, you only see Holdens view of the events and how he perceives people. The impact of the story would change if you had other characters reactions to what Holden was saying and doing. Holden Caulfield was disgusted at the way the whole world seemed false to him. He was disgusted at the way his brother sold out and went to Hollywood and was now what he considered to be a phony. Holden was very affectionate and loving to his sister. She was the only person that he really wanted to see in New York. Holden was very sad and angry about the way the world was. The theme of Catcher in the Rye was that peoples actions toward one another affect people in many ways. Our society is so large that it is difficult to build strong interpersonal relationships. Holden wanted to be the catcher in the rye who helped other children from falling off a cliff and becoming what he considered to be phony. I beleive that the book is trying to make a point of that adolescence is a difficult time because it is a search for who we are and the realities of the world. Bibliography:

The design and implementation of sets of strategic human resource practices continues to lack coherence and consistency

Strategic human resource management and the concept of fit Strategic human resource management largely deals with how human resource needs can be strategically managed in an organisation in order to improve work output. It is a rather new approach and concept towards the management of human resource in comparison to technical human resource management (Fey Bjorkman, 2001).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The design and implementation of sets of ‘strategic’ human resource practices continues to lack coherence and consistency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the basic function of strategic human resource management lies within the designation and implementation of quite a number of managerial policies within an organisation with a broad objective of ensuring that the available human resource management significantly contributes to the productivity of an organisation. When business strateg y is combined with the human resource management function, strategic human resource management would reflect a relatively resilient plan of not only utilizing human resource to the optimum but also driving an organisation towards a competitive edge. Nonetheless, a thorough understanding of strategic human resource management would not be complete unless the right application of the concept of fit is correctly applied. The concept of fit is primarily the process of melding the human resource function within the strategic goals of an organisation (Wei Lau, 2005). There are quite a number of conceptual illustrations that have demonstrated that the design and implementation of sets of strategic human resource practices may not be coherent at all owing to the fact that the concept of ‘fit’ has not been understood well. Realistically, the concept of fit and the strategic human resource management lays much emphasis in improving the capacity of a firm in responding to the ext ernal factors especially those related to the hiring and utilization of human resource. This paper attempts to explore the concept of fit and how this conceptual framework can be integrated well in strategic human resource management in a firm. To begin with, it is vital to explore the two types of fit as expounded in most strategic human resource literatures. As already mentioned, the concept of fit mainly helps in the process of utilizing human resource so that the goals and objectives of an organisation can be achieved. Indeed, this is a fundamental characteristic in strategic human resource management. This implies that an organisation may not achieve its set goals in human resource practices unless the concept of fit is not only understood well but also applied to the letter.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Two major types of fit can be applied in strategic human resour ce practices. Firstly, the horizontal fit is the compatibility and equality in pattern of various human resource management practices (Wei Lau, 2005). On the other hand, a vertical fit applies when human resource practices are aligned alongside with the process of strategic management of firm. In other words, a vertical fit would imply some form of crucial step taken by the human resource function in order to attain the goals and objectives of an organisation. It is attained by initiating certain practices that are congruent with human resource needs of a firm. When the right application of these resources is put in place, a horizontal fit is attained. As can be noted, strategic human resource practices may lack the right design and implementation if the two types of fit are not understood well due to the narrow distinction between them. One of the main factors that have contributed to the little understanding of the concept of fit is the fact that the theoretical background of the concept has not been explored to the letter. If a firm has to remain competitive, it implies that the deployment of human resource management within the confines of fit concept is paramount. When human resource practices are well arranged in a firm, it is highly likely that a firm will experience a positive impact in growth and profitability since human resource is the major driver in the performance of an organisation. Hence, implementation of both types of fit is vital. Some scholars in the field of human resource development argue that the linkage between human resource practices and business strategy alongside the application of the fit concept is relatively weak when compared to the relationship that exist within the human resource practices being exercised within an organisation (Bowen Ostroff, 2004). There are quite a number of human resource practices worth noting when human resource management is being considered under the concept of fit. For instance, the ability of an o rganization to attract and retain employees of high standards is paramount. Besides, the very employees ought to be placed in positions and working criteria that are appropriate as possible.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The design and implementation of sets of ‘strategic’ human resource practices continues to lack coherence and consistency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, capacity building and training of employees so that they can deliver as per the expectations of a firm cannot be ignored at all. These ideals may never be implemented in a coherent manner if the concept of fit has not been understood to the letter. Hence, the human resource management practices in place within a firm should be systematic (Chan, Shaffer Snape, 2004). The effectiveness of any human resource management may be lowered substantially if each of the individual human resource practices is not given due attent ion. For instance, an employee who is intrinsically excellent cannot deliver to the expectations of a firm due to inadequate training. Besides, an employee will only be effective if the training background has compatibility with the needs of the organisation. On the same note, the concept of fit; whether of vertical or horizontal type would demand that employees be motivated over and above being trained so that they can feel to be part of the organisation. Employees who are not motivated, be it intrinsically or extrinsically, will perform below their natural potential. As a result, the desire to have strategic human resource management within a firm may just be a mirage and wishful thinking since the concept of fit has not been implemented in the right way. There are motivational theories which when well employed, will result into upward mobility in organizational growth and performance. for example, employees can be motivated through a well defined process of setting goals for the organisation. Studies have revealed that people tend to be motivated to work when there are certain goals to be achieved after a given period of time. This type of motivation is well explained by Locke’s goal setting theory (Osterman, 2000). At this point, it is undisputed that a firm can attain its short, medium and long term goals once they have been set. Nevertheless, it implies that employees will only be motivated when they are part and parcel of goal setting. Moreover, each group member within an organisation should be made to visualize the importance of the goals being set. In most cases, employees will not inject an additional effort if they have no clear idea on how the set goals are going to beneficial, not just to the organisation, they should also derive quantifiable benefits upon achieving the goals.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A firm should work on myriad of projects that require employees who are motivated, resilient and competent enough. Goal setting as a way of motivating employees comes with its own cost if it is to be successful. Firstly, there are five core principles which human resource management should bear in mind for this theory to be fruitful: the set goals should be clear, challenging, demonstrate high level of task complexity, have a feedback system and also demonstrate commitment (Boxall Purcell, 2011). The congruency of a variety of human resource measures adopted by a firm largely depends on how the vertical fir has been applied. The strategies being pursued by an organisation should be well outlined under the vertical fit. It is against this backdrop that a firm may run into demand for creating a human resource platform that is consistent with its goals and objectives (Lado Wilson, 1994). Hence, the attainment of either the horizontal or vertical fit requires strict adherence to certa in factors. These factors are also known as determinants of fit and are helpful in boosting the performance of a firm. Therefore, the performance of a firm especially in line with strategic management of human resource is dependent on these determinants. First, there are factors that lie within the human resource functions namely the policy governing human resource development within a firm, the various options adopted by a firm when deploying human resource as well as budget allocation for human resource department in addition to investment plan adopted by the firm. It is vital to note that each of these human resource function factors significantly contribute to the overall fitness of a firm. For example, investment plan or budgetary allocation determines how well a firm will run financially. Any slight interference with the investment plan or budgetary needs of a firm will grossly affect the overall performance. The second cluster of the determinants of fit fall under personal fa ctors. It is commonplace for organizations to emphasize other factors that may improve profitability of a firm while at the same time underestimate or completely ignore the relevance of personal factors. One of such factors is the capability of human resource managers to affectively run the affairs of deploying workers. Ability and talent vary from one human resource manager to another. There are common elements which all managers will often posses. However, unique capabilities such as talent is a preserve of the few successful organizations frequently seek to not only hire experts from formal training, they also emphasize the need for talent consideration as part and parcel of improving human resource development. In addition to the abilities portrayed by both top and intermediate managers, employees in the lower levels in a firm should be considered when building a strong workforce. An organisation should make use of skills, knowledge and competences of its employees to the optimu m. Finally, there are firm level factors that significantly contribute to both vertical and horizontal fit. The nature of strategy adopted by a firm is crucial. A well enhanced business strategy will enable a business organisation to have the right direction and be able to know whether the business life is in the right path. In addition, values and cultures embraced by a firm are vital in accelerating growth and is an important component in strategic human resource management. Corporate culture refers to a belief system, a set of attitude that can be shared as well as normalities that are transmitted among the members of an organisation (Wei, 2006). Through the corporate culture, the acceptable conduct of employees is outlined. When an organizational culture is clear, every member is aware of their roles and responsibilities in addition to what they anticipate from the company. Hence, through the corporate culture, the image of the company can be visualized Change management within an organisation is also pertinent as part and parcel of both horizontal and vertical fit. This organizational component is a direct determinant of performance and unless it is strategically handled by human resource managers, business failure will be inevitable. Organisational change and management is a momentous practice that cannot be eluded by managers at any level of an organisational hierarchy. Although change may be resisted at the point of initiation, it is imperative to note that proper assessment of the changes being effected should be done so that optimum benefits are derived. Besides, the sentiments of the group being targeted by a given change should be noted keenly so that the very change is not substantially resisted to an extent that it fails to meet its goals. Organisational change has two important elements worth considering. The first important aspect is the organisational change management that is concerned with drawing people closer to the organisation in terms o f their hearty commitment towards achieving the mission and vision of the organisation (Bjorkman Fan, 2002). On the other hand, organisational design aims at restructuring the entire workforce within an organisation. This requires thorough engagement of human resource experts with the right knowledge. Although the relative importance of organisational change management is sometimes not given the seriousness it deserves, its impact on performance is enormous bearing in mind that the very change can be effected in all areas of operation such as in health and safety. References Bjorkman, I., Fan, X. (2002). Human resource management and the performance of western firms in China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(6): 853-864. Bowen, D.E., Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRM-firm performance linkages: The role of the ‘strength’ of the HRM system. Academy of Management Review, 29 (2), 203-221. Boxall, P Purcell, J. (2011). Strategy and Human Resourc e Management (3rd ed.), London: Palgrave Macmillan. Chan, L.L.M., Shaffer, M.A., Snape, E. (2004). In search of sustained competitive advantage: The impact of organizational culture, competitive strategy and human resource management practices on firm performance. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(1): 17-35. Fey, C.F., Bjorkman, I. (2001). The effect of human resource management practices on MNC subsidiary performance in Russia. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(1): 59-75. Lado, A.A., Wilson, M.C. (1994). Human resource systems and sustained competitive advantage: a competency-based perspective. Academy of Management Review, 19(4): 699-727. Osterman, P (2000). Work reorganization in an era of restructuring: trends in diffusion and impacts on employee welfare. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 53(2): 179-196. Wei, L. (2006). Strategic Human Resource Management: Determinants of Fit, Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 14(2): 49- 60. Wei, L.Q., Lau, C.M. (2005). Market orientation, HRM importance and HRM competency: Determinants of SHRM in Chinese firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(10): 1901-1918. This essay on The design and implementation of sets of ‘strategic’ human resource practices continues to lack coherence and consistency was written and submitted by user L1ndsey to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.